Socio-economic conditions of landless agricultural labourers in Telangana

The present paper aims to understand the socio-economic conditions of the agricultural labourers of the Gaggupalli village. The study village is located in Armoor mandal in Nizamabad District of Telangana State and the study was conducted during 2015 and 2016. The study village is predominantly dependent on agriculture and allied activities and the irrigation is depends on bore wells for agriculture. The landless labourers from the study village and the migrant laborers from neighboring districts (Medak, Mahbubnagar) are contribute to the economy of this village besides depending on their labour for livelihood. The proximity of this village to the capital city of the state, penetration of capabilities improving agencies like education, health care, modern agricultural tools, transportation and communication etc. have affected the socio cultural, economic and political situation to a large extent. Migration is one of such effects. Thus the paper tries to explain the impact of migration on landless laborers’ households in the study village.Parameters such as the caste, education, health, income, property ownership, household amenities etc. are taken for the study to understand the socio-economic conditions of the labourers. Data was collected by using anthropological techniques like participant observation, interviews, household schedules and case studies. Using statistical tools like SPSS, the interpretation of data was done. It’s found that most of the labourers belong to lower castes Mala, Madiga and also backward castes’ Kurma, Tenugu and Vaddera and the living conditions of these labourers differ from those of the study village

MULTI-GIGABIT PATTERN FOR DATA IN NETWORK SECURITY

In the current scenario network security is emerging the world. Matching large sets of patterns against an incoming stream of data is a fundamental task in several fields such as network security or computational biology. High-speed network intrusion detection systems (IDS) rely on efficient pattern matching techniques to analyze the packet payload and make decisions on the significance of the packet body. However, matching the streaming payload bytes against thousands of patterns at multi-gigabit rates is computationally intensive. Various techniques have been proposed in past but the performance of the system is reducing because of multi-gigabit rates.Pattern matching is a significant issue in intrusion detection systems, but by no means the only one. Handling multi-content rules, reordering, and reassembling incoming packets are also significant for system performance. We present two pattern matching techniques to compare incoming packets against intrusion detection search patterns. The first approach, decoded partial CAM (DpCAM), pre-decodes incoming characters, aligns the decoded data, and performs logical AND on them to produce the match signal for each pattern. The second approach, perfect hashing memory (PHmem), uses perfect hashing to determine a unique memory location that contains the search pattern and a comparison between incoming data and memory output to determine the match. The suggested methods have implemented in vhdl coding and we use Xilinx for synthesis

DESIGN, FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TENOFOVIR MICROEMULSION AS ORAL DRUG DELIVERY

ABSTRACT The aim of the present research was to design, formulate and evaluate Tenofovir Microemulsion. Tenofovir, a Nucleotide Reverse transcriptase inhibitor belongs to the category of anti retro viral drug. The oral bioavailability of Tenofovir is 25% due to its poor water solubility. An attempt was made to enhance solubility by formulating oral Microemulsion of Tenofovir. The solubility of Tenofovir in various Oils, Surfactants and Cosurfactants were checked to optimize the components of Microemulsion. Pseudo ternary diagrams were constructed to identify the area of Microemulsion region. A Microemulsion system with oleic acid as Oil phase, Tween 20 as surfactant and Ethanol as Cosurfactant was developed for oral delivery of Tenofovir. To achieve the objective of present study, Microemulsion formulations were prepared by using different ratios of Oil, Surfactant: Cosurfactant and Water. The prepared formulations of Tenofovir were characterized for thermo dynamic stability studies, pH, transparency, viscosity, drug content and in vitro drug release. Particle size and Zeta potential of optimized formulation were found to be 54.30nm and -5.61mV. Among four formulations, TME4 shows highest drug release of 86.88%. The invitro release was found to follow Non-fickian diffusion mechanism. These results demonstrate the potential use of Microemulsion for improving the Bioavailability of poor water soluble compound Tenofovir. Key words: Phase diagrams, Centrifugation, Kinetic models, Stability. INTRODUCTION Successful oral delivery of drugs has always remained challenge to the drug delivery field, since approximately 40% of the new drug candidates have poor water solubility associated with low bioavailability. Lipidbased formulations have attracted great deal of attention to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. In fact, the most novel approach is to incorporate lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs into inert lipid vehicles such as oils, surfactants through formulating in the form of microemulsions, self-emulsifying formulations. These lead to increased solubilization further increase in therapeutic efficacy. A microemulsion is a system of water, oil and an amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution. Microemulsions (μE) are usually in the range of 10-100 nm. These homogeneous systems, which can be prepared over a wide range of surfactant concentration and oil to water ratio, are all fluids of low viscosit

Identification of Comamonas species using 16S rRNA gene sequence

A bacterial strain Bz02 was isolated from a water sample collected from river Gomti at the Indian city of Lucknow. We characterized the strain using 16S rRNA sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain formed a monophyletic clade with members of the genus Comamonas. The closest phylogenetic relative was Comamonas testosteroni with 95% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. It is proposed that the identified strain Bz02 be assigned as the type strain of a species of the genus Comamonas (Comamonas sp Bz02) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence search in Ribosomal Database Project, small subunit rRNA and large subunit rRNA databases together with the phylogenetic tree analysis. The sequence is deposted in GenBank with the accession number FJ211417

Cost effectiveness of nusinersen for patients with infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy in US

Background Patients with infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a rare, genetic neuromuscular disease, do not achieve key motor function milestones (e.g., sitting) and have short life expectancy in the absence of treatment. Nusinersen is a disease-modifying therapy for patients with SMA. Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of nusinersen compared to best supportive care (BSC) in patients diagnosed with infantile-onset SMA in the US. Methods A de novo economic model was developed with the following health states: “permanent ventilation”, “not sitting”, “sitting”, “walking”, and “death”. Short-term data were sourced from the pivotal clinical trials and studies of nusinersen (ENDEAR and SHINE). Motor function milestones achieved at the end of follow-up in the clinical trials were assumed to be sustained until death. Mortality risks were based on survival modelling of relevant published Kaplan–Meier data. Costs, life years (LYs), and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3% per annum, and the analyses were performed from a US health care sector perspective. Scenario analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the results to key parameters. Results In our base-case analysis, nusinersen treatment achieves greater QALYs and more LYs (3.24 and 7.64, respectively) compared with BSC (0.46 QALYs and 2.40 LYs, respectively), resulting in an incremental cost per QALY gained of approximately $1,112,000 and an incremental cost per LY gained of$590,000 for nusinersen compared to BSC. The incremental cost effectiveness ratios did not fall below $990,000 per QALY gained in scenario and sensitivity analyses. Results were most sensitive to the length of survival, background health care costs, and utility in the “not sitting” and “sitting” health states. Conclusions The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness of nusinersen from a US health care sector perspective exceeded traditional cost-effectiveness thresholds. Cost-effectiveness was dependent on assumptions made regarding survival, costs, utilities, and whether the motor function milestones were sustained over lifetime. Given the relatively short-term effectiveness data available for the treatment, a registry to collect long-term data of infantile-onset SMA patients is recommended

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Performance Comparison of Physical Clock Synchronization Algorithms

This project mainly focuses on comparing and analyzing clock synchronization algorithms in distributed system. Clock synchronization is required for transaction processing applications, process control applications etc. This generates transmission delays and synchronization errors for processes and the clock synchronization algorithms try to synchronize the clocks in the system under the effect of these barriers. Two centralized clock synchronization algorithms are used for testing Cristian’s and Berkeley clock synchronization algorithms, and the third, the distributed clock synchronization algorithm, Network time protocol for synchronization of clocks in the internet